Abstract:
This study investigates the presence of estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals (eEDCs) in waters from the
Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria in Kisumu. The detection of these compounds, including natural estrogens (Estrone
- E1 and 17-β estradiol - E2) and synthetic estradiol (ethynyl estradiol - EE2), highlights their significance as
neglected pollutants in East Africa. The concentration levels of these eEDCs in water were measured from select
river estuaries and fish landing sites competitive Enzyme-linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay. Estrone exhibited the
highest concentration, while 17-β estradiol had the lowest. The concentration levels of estrone ranged 0.59-90.74
pg./ml, 17β estradiol (2.47-7.76 pg/ml) and ethinyl estradiol (0.93-15.62 pg./ml). Estrone was observed to be the
highest at 115.75 pg/ml. Although the concentrations varied, no significant statistical difference was observed
between river and land sites. Notably, rivers passing through densely populated areas showed higher estrogen
concentrations. Seasonal variations indicated lower concentrations during wet seasons and higher concentrations
during dry seasons. The study suggests that dilution effects may influence concentration levels depending on the
distance from shore or river estuary. Overall, the study highlights the potential risk of estrogenic pollutants to
aquatic and terrestrial life, emphasizing the need for urgent mitigation strategies to prevent adverse impacts as
populations and pollution levels increase.
KEYWORDS: Estrone, 17β Estradiol, Ethynyl Estradiol, Aquatic Pollution, Lake Victoria, Neglected Pollutants.
